Management functions
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Management has been described as a social process involving
responsibility for economical and effective planning & regulation of
operation of an enterprise in the fulfillment of given purposes. It is a
dynamic process consisting of various elements and activities. These
activities are different from operative functions like marketing, finance,
purchase etc. Rather these activities are common to each and every manger
irrespective of his level or status. Different experts have classified functions of management. According to George & Jerry, “There are four fundamental functions of management i.e. planning, organizing, actuating and controlling”. According to Henry Fayol, “To manage is to forecast and plan, to organize, to command, & to control”. Whereas Luther Gullick has given a keyword ’POSDCORB’ where P stands for Planning, O for Organizing, S for Staffing, D for Directing, Co for Co-ordination, R for reporting & B for Budgeting. But the most widely accepted are functions of management given by KOONTZ and O’DONNEL i.e. Planning, Organizing, Staffing, Directing and Controlling. |
For theoretical purposes, it may be convenient
to separate the function of management but practically these functions are
overlapping in nature i.e. they are highly inseparable. Each function blends
into the other & each affects the performance of others.
It is the basic
function of management. It deals with chalking out a future course of action
& deciding in advance the most appropriate course of actions for
achievement of pre-determined goals. According to KOONTZ, “Planning is deciding
in advance - what to do, when to do & how to do. It bridges the gap from
where we are & where we want to be”. A plan is a future course of actions.
It is an exercise in problem solving & decision making. Planning is
determination of courses of action to achieve desired goals. Thus, planning is
a systematic thinking about ways & means for accomplishment of
pre-determined goals. Planning is necessary to ensure proper utilization of
human & non-human resources. It is all pervasive, it is an intellectual
activity and it also helps in avoiding confusion, uncertainties, risks,
wastages etc.
It is the process
of bringing together physical, financial and human resources and developing
productive relationship amongst them for achievement of organizational goals.
According to Henry Fayol, “To organize a business is to provide it with
everything useful or its functioning i.e. raw material, tools, capital and
personnel’s”. To organize a business involves determining & providing human
and non-human resources to the organizational structure. Organizing as a
process involves:
- Identification of activities.
- Classification of grouping of activities.
- Assignment of duties.
- Delegation of authority and creation of responsibility.
- Coordinating authority and responsibility relationships.
- Staffing
It is the
function of manning the organization structure and keeping it manned. Staffing
has assumed greater importance in the recent years due to advancement of
technology, increase in size of business, complexity of human behavior etc. The
main purpose o staffing is to put right man on right job i.e. square pegs in
square holes and round pegs in round holes. According to Kootz & O’Donell,
“Managerial function of staffing involves manning the organization structure
through proper and effective selection, appraisal & development of
personnel to fill the roles designed un the structure”. Staffing involves:
- Manpower Planning (estimating man power in terms of searching, choose the person and giving the right place).
- Recruitment, selection & placement.
- Training & development.
- Remuneration.
- Performance appraisal.
- Promotions & transfer.
- Directing
It is that part
of managerial function which actuates the organizational methods to work
efficiently for achievement of organizational purposes. It is considered
life-spark of the enterprise which sets it in motion the action of people
because planning, organizing and staffing are the mere preparations for doing
the work. Direction is that inert-personnel aspect of management which deals
directly with influencing, guiding, supervising, motivating sub-ordinate for
the achievement of organizational goals. Direction has following elements:
- Supervision
- Motivation
- Leadership
- Communication
Supervision- implies overseeing the work of subordinates
by their superiors. It is the act of watching & directing work & workers.
Motivation- means inspiring, stimulating or encouraging
the sub-ordinates with zeal to work. Positive, negative, monetary, non-monetary
incentives may be used for this purpose.
Leadership- may be defined as a process by which manager
guides and influences the work of subordinates in desired direction.
Communications- is the process of passing information,
experience, opinion etc from one person to another. It is a bridge of
understanding.
It implies
measurement of accomplishment against the standards and correction of deviation
if any to ensure achievement of organizational goals. The purpose of
controlling is to ensure that everything occurs in conformities with the standards.
An efficient system of control helps to predict deviations before they actually
occur. According to Theo Haimann, “Controlling is the process of
checking whether or not proper progress is being made towards the objectives
and goals and acting if necessary, to correct any deviation”. According to
Koontz & O’Donell “Controlling is the measurement & correction of
performance activities of subordinates in order to make sure that the
enterprise objectives and plans desired to obtain them as being accomplished”.
Therefore controlling has following steps:
a.
Establishment
of standard performance.
b.
Measurement
of actual performance.
c.
Comparison
of actual performance with the standards and finding out deviation if any.
d.
Corrective
action.
Conclusion
Management is a process of planning, organizing,
leadership, and control
the efforts of member
organizations and sumua use of existing resources in the organization to achieve
organizational goals previously set.be
a function of the most basic of
management there are 5 that is:
1.
Planning
is a management function with regard to defining the goals for future
organizational performance and
to decide on the tasks and resources in use of
resources needed to achieve
those goals.
2.
Organizing
is a management function with respect to the assignment of tasks grouped into
departments and allocating resources
to the department.
3.
Leading
management functions with respect to
how to use influence to motivate employees
to achieve organizational goals.
4.
Controlling
management functions relating to monitoring of employee activities to keep the organization in order to stay on track
with goals and make corrections if necessary.
5.
Staffing
is a form of preparation
of personnel management functions
padaorganisasi since the recruitment, development up to the business so
that every staff officer to give maximum
efficiency to the organization.
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